Some people can count to 5 on one hand, and 10 on two, others can count to 25 on both hands, some can count to 30 on two hands, yet others can count to 12 one a single hand *, and to 60 on two *, some can count to 144 on two hands *.
I, however, can count on all those systems, and also count to 31 on one hand, and to 1023 on two. **
* Actually a Mayan (if memory serves) system, and is actually easier on the fingers than the system for counting to 31 or 1023.
What is common among 4 fingers, except the fifth? There are 3 sections to each finger save for the thumb, which has 2 (yes, the thumb also has 3 sections, but some may not consider it the same as with the other fingers, and it there is a reason to set aside the thumb for counting to 12 on a single hand). To count to 12 on a single hand, the Mayans used the thumb to indicate the number, as some would use the other hand to count to 5. So the tip of your index finger is 1, the base of the index finger is 3, and the base of your pinky is 12. And you simply move your thumb as you count. The Mayans actually counted to 60, by using the other hand in a simple fashion (counting 5 twelves), but if you employ the same system as the other hand, then you can suddenly count to 144 (12 * 12). I'm unsure why they didn't count to 144, possibly it hadn't occurred to them (in a similar fashion why it people didn't think of wheels even if they saw rolling things, untill they were shown a rolling cart). Or they simply liked the number 60 (for the same reasons we use it to divide hours and minutes).
In fact, if you count to 12 on both hands (as to a max of 144) they you are actually counting in a so called "base 12" system (as reference, our decimal system is "base 10"), you count "ones" on one hand, and "tens" on the other. And a bonus fact, counting to 25 actually means to use a base 5 counting system.
To count to 30 is to count in base 6 on one hand (with all 5 fingers erect as the "9" before you overflow to "ten").
** A single hint, binary.
On a personal note, I actually prefer to use the base 12 system for counting on my hands, so I can count to 144.